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During the Edo period, Japan used various punishments against criminals. These can be categorized as follows: * Death penalty * Incarceration and Exile * Penal labor * Confiscation of property * Corporal punishment == Death penalty == Serious crimes such as murder and arson were punished by death. The shogunate maintained execution grounds for Edo at Kozukappara, Suzugamori, and Itabashi. Kozukappara, also known as Kotsukappara or Kozukahara, is currently located near the southwest exit of Tokyo's Minami-Senju Station. It is estimated that between 100,000 and 200,000 people were executed here. Only part of the site remains, located next to Emmeiji temple, partly buried under the rail tracks and under a more-recent burial ground. Archaeological and morphological research was done by Tokyo University on the skulls found buried here which confirmed the execution methods. Another notable one was located at Suzugamori in Shinagawa. Both sites are still sparsely commemorated ''in situ'' with memorial plaques and tombstones. The shogunate executed criminals in various ways: * Boiling * Burning * Crucifixion for killing a parent, husband etc. * Decapitation by sword * Sawing * Waist-cutting (cutting the person in half). The Kanazawa han coupled this with decapitation. The death penalty often carried collateral punishments. One was parading the criminal around town prior to execution. A similar one was public display of the criminal prior to execution. A third was public display of the severed head. Samurai were often sentenced to commit seppuku in lieu of these forms of punishment. Seppuku is a term of suicide for the samurai. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Criminal punishment in Edo-period Japan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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